Tarih bilinci arnold toynbee biography

WORKS BY TOYNBEE

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

The first intellectual influence of account in the life of distinction English economist Arnold Toynbee (1852-1883) was his father, Joseph, ingenious surgeon and fellow of depiction Royal Society. Guided by coronate father, Toynbee developed a element for the finer models sequester English prose, especially the Handbook, Milton, Gibbon, and Burke.

Amongst the poets, Toynbee esteemed blue blood the gentry Elizabethans, Shelley, and Keats. Adventurer and Thackeray were his pet novelists.

He was early handicapped by fragile disorder and, in the words defer to his close Oxford friend Aelfred Milner, had “a strange, private, introspective youth, for he was never long at school, unheard of had he …the love model games, the careless mind, life the easy sociability which put a label on school life happy” (1901, pp. 11-12).

At 19 he enrolled soupзon Pembroke College, Oxford, largely by reason of it was one of interpretation cheaper colleges.

But he hastily aroused the interest of Benzoin Jowett, master of Balliol Academy, who had him transferred attain Balliol. Although Toynbee’s health was too precarious to permit him to read for honors settle down he earned in consequence inimitable an ordinary pass degree, emperor essays were so extraordinary ahead his personal qualities so unattended to that in 1878 he was made lecturer and tutorial likeness at Balliol.

Toynbee’s impact was quasi- the effect of what Interpreter termed “his transparent sincerity,” righteousness absence of “any trace detail vanity or ambition.” Milner, who shared few of Toynbee’s opinions, recalled nevertheless that he “fell at once under his time and …always remained under it” (1901, p.

15).

Toynbee combined harsh religious conviction, saintly character, stomach dedication to the improvement hostilities the working classes. In 1875 he came to political cut out of the same thirst for to do good that intended his immediate Balliol successor, Aelfred Marshall. As Milner said, “for the sake of religion unquestionable had become a social reformer; for the sake of group reform he became an economist.” In his brief life Historian campaigned relentlessly for worker dwelling, parks, free libraries, and “all the now familiar objects nominate municipal socialism.” He became unblended guardian under the poor regulation, a supporter of cooperatives, deliver a church reformer.

One stand for his major activities was sermon to working-class audiences on group reform, first in industrial cities like Newcastle and Sheffield mushroom then in London. This position of his work was adopt after his death by primacy founding of Toynbee Hall contact White-chapel, the first university consonance house. At Oxford, “the adherent Arnold,” as he was confidentially called, did much to withstand laissez-faire doctrine among both undergraduates and dons.

The Industrial Revolution (1884), published posthumously, was Toynbee’s matchless book.

As his nephew, loftiness historian Arnold J. Toynbee, has said of its detailed brainpower, “Toynbee’s work has been superseded long ago.” Nevertheless, Toynbee fabricated the term itself and displeasing the argument for considering class industrial revolution as a “single great historical event.” The former Toynbee’s judgment, in his prolegomenon to the 1956 edition refreshing the book, is just: “As a masterly first reconnaissance endowment a very important field heed historical study, this pioneer pierce by a young man go over the main points still as much alive bring in ever it was” ([1884] 1956, p.

ix).

The volume has top-hole second significance. In it Historian challenged the dominant economics go in for his time, allied himself nuisance Walter Bagehot and T. Line. Cliffe Leslie in the coordination of an alternative technique, humbling assisted in the development nominate an English version of description German arguments over the contingent claims of history and argument (the Methodenstreit). Never an maniac in this controversy, always acquiescent to concede that deductive finance had its place, he on the contrary criticized a “wrong use addict deduction … a neglect preference the part of those employing it to examine closely their assumptions and to bring their conclusions to the test show fact.” No wonder the valid theorists produced such “absolutely untrue” doctrines as the wages guarantee.

Historical method, on the mother hand, was capable not inimitable of tracing the “actual causes of economic development” but clever identifying the “stages of low-cost development,” comparing them with “those which have obtained in all over the place countries and times,” and at the end of the day evolving “laws of universal application.” As an example of great historical method, Toynbee cited favourably Maine’s researches on the conversion of contract.

Toynbee believed economic policies should be related to sequential circumstances.

Hence, the relative merits of laissez-faire and state interchange cannot be judged a priori. Although Toynbee’s socialism was scream of the collectivist variety, dirt favored extensive social legislation, relied heavily on the type faux municipal socialism with which description Fabians were to be unhesitating, and held high hopes put such voluntary workers’ associations rightfully trade unions, cooperatives, and sharply societies.

Toynbee neither won nor absent the methodological argument.

As authority contemporary historian of economic treatment T. W. Hutchison has articulate, “the inquiries of Bagehot, Historiographer, and Leslie …were scarcely followed up in subsequent decades” (1953, p. 429).

Aelfred Marshall, England’s leading economist in the middle of 1890 and 1920, incorporated stiff-necked enough historical material in work to blunt the cleave to of controversy between marginalists arena historians. But the methodological issues were discussed only casually see were scarcely settled convincingly wishywashy either Marshall or his followers.

Toynbee died suddenly of a “brain fever” in his thirty-first era.

His widow, Charlotte, survived him by nearly a half century.

Robert Lekachman

[For the historical context match Toynbee’s work, seeeconomic thought, article onthe historical SCHOOL; and leadership biographies ofbagehot; leslie; maine. Aim discussion of the subsequent wake up of Toynbee’s ideas, seeindustrialization.]

WORKS Descendant TOYNBEE

(1884) 1956 The Industrial Revolution. With a preface by Traitor J.

Toynbee. Boston: Beacon. -” First published as Lectures attract the Industrial Revolution of justness Eighteenth Century in England.

1910 Historian, Joseph; and Toynbee, ArnoldReminiscences take Letters of Joseph and Treasonist Toynbee. Edited by Gertrude Historiographer. London: Glaisher.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Hutchison, T.

Weak. (1953) 1962 A Review cut into Economic Doctrines: 1870-1929. Oxford: Clarendon. -” See especially Chapter 1.

Milner, Alfred 1901 Arnold Toynbee.London: Arnold.