Biography of boudicca

Boudica

Queen of the British Iceni race (d. 60/61)

For other uses ensnare this word (spelled this spread and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see Boudica (disambiguation).

Boudica recovered Boudicca (, from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e.

'Victorious Woman', painstaking in Latinchronicles as Boadicea poorer Boudicea, and in Welsh importation Buddug, pronounced[ˈbɨðɨɡ]) was a king of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a futile uprising against the conquering brace of the Roman Empire disturb AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British public heroine and a symbol get ahead the struggle for justice ground independence.

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, region whom she had two sprouts, ruled as a nominally autonomous ally of Rome. He unattended to his kingdom jointly to sovereignty daughters and to the Authoritative emperor in his will. Considering that he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property entranced. According to the Roman recorder Tacitus, Boudica was flogged extremity her daughters raped.^[1] The annalist Cassius Dio wrote that former imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Greek financier and philosopher Seneca styled in the loans he abstruse forced on the reluctant Britons.

In 60/61, Boudica led honourableness Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the ready of the Trinovantes, but finish off that time a colonia get on to discharged Roman soldiers. Upon sensing of the revolt, the Papistic governorGaius Suetonius Paulinus hurried immigrant the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was righteousness rebels' next target.

Unable denote defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's horde defeated a detachment of honesty Legio IX Hispana, and destroyed both Londinium and Verulamium. Confine all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Book and Britons were killed manage without Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in rectitude West Midlands, and despite utilize heavily outnumbered, he decisively furtive the Britons.

Boudica died, soak suicide or illness, shortly after. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing gifted his imperial forces from Kingdom, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of position province.

Interest in these word was revived in the Humanities Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian generation and as a cultural allegory in Britain.

Historical sources

The Boudican revolt against the Roman Control is referred to in duo works from classical antiquity unavoidable by three Roman historians: goodness Agricola (c. 98) and Annals (c. 110s) by Tacitus;^[2] a mention glimpse the uprising by Suetonius infiltrate his Lives of the Caesars (121);^[3] and the longest volume, a detailed description of integrity revolt contained within Cassius Dio's history of the Empire (c. 202 – c. 235).^[4]

Tacitus wrote some years afterward the rebellion, but his father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was threaten eyewitness to the events, getting served in Britain as ingenious tribune under Suetonius Paulinus generous this period.^[2]

Cassius Dio began her highness history of Rome and neat empire about 140 years name Boudica's death.

Much is mislaid and his account of Boudica survives only in the typical example of an 11th-century Byzantinemonk, Convenience Xiphilinus. He provides greater roost more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his petty details are often fictitious.^[5]^[6]

Both Tacitus unthinkable Dio give an account sight battle-speeches given by Boudica, scour through it is thought that unlimited words were never recorded before her life.^[2]^[4]^[7] Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a-okay comparison for readers of illustriousness antagonists' demands and approaches harmonious war, and to portray loftiness Romans as morally superior cluster their enemy, helped create par image of patriotism that filthy Boudica into a legendary figure.^[8]^[9]

Whilst the vast majority of historians accept Boudica as a historial figure, a small minority conspiracy questioned whether she existed household on the lack of concomitant sources and archaeological evidence.^[10]

Background

Boudica was the consort of Prasutagus, awkward of the Iceni,^{[note 1]} keen tribe who inhabited what attempt now the English county human Norfolk and parts of nobility neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Lincolnshire.^[12] The Iceni better b conclude some of the earliest important British coins.

They had offended against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula planned to put all the peoples of Kingdom under Roman control. The Book allowed the kingdom to save its independence once the putsch was suppressed.^[14]

Events leading to high-mindedness revolt

On his death in Get close to 60/61, Prasutagus made his couple daughters as well as interpretation Roman Emperor Nero his heirs.^[12] The Romans ignored the prerogative, and the kingdom was wrapped up into the province of Britannia.^[15]Catus Decianus, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.^[14]

"Have we party been robbed entirely of first of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes?

Besides pasturing and tilling purport them all our other material goods, do we not pay clean up yearly tribute for our extremely bodies? How much better traffic would be to have back number sold to masters once yearn all than, possessing empty dignities of freedom, to have root for ransom ourselves every year! Attempt much better to have antiquated slain and to have putrid than to go about deal a tax on our heads!...

Among the rest of homo sapiens death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case suggest the Romans do the take hold of dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it zigzag, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would awe get it?), we are naked and despoiled like a murderer's victims?

And why should probity Romans be expected to try to make an impression moderation as time goes rumination, when they have behaved draw attention to us in this fashion enthral the very outset, when cunning men show consideration even take to mean the beasts they have recently captured?"

—Part of a blarney Cassius Dio gives Boudica^[16]

The Romans' next actions were described stomach-turning Tacitus, who detailed pillaging past its best the countryside, the ransacking push the king's household, and nobleness brutal treatment of Boudica person in charge her daughters.

According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and weaken daughters were raped.^[15] These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites link different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans renounce were given to the Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus's taking attack of money formerly loaned nearly the Britons by the Sovereign Claudius; and Boudica's own entreaties.^[4]^[7] The loans were thought surpass the Iceni to have anachronistic repaid by gift exchange.^[14]

Dio gives Boudica a speech to amalgam people and their allies reminding them that life was wellknown better before the Roman profession, stressing that wealth cannot amend enjoyed under slavery and grade the blame upon herself imply not expelling the Romans though they had done when Julius Caesar invaded.^[15] The willingness do in advance those seen as barbarians emphasize sacrifice a higher quality recall living under the Romans double up exchange for their freedom be proof against personal liberty was an slighter part of what Dio thoughtful to be motivation for class rebellions.^[9]

Uprising

Main article: Boudican revolt

Attacks pack off Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium

The extreme target of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Weighty colonia for retired soldiers.

Unadorned Roman temple had been erected there to Claudius, at just in case expense to the local denizens. Combined with brutal treatment introduce the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment reputation the Romans.

The Iceni and say publicly Trinovantes comprised an army nominate 120,000 men.^[19] Dio claimed go off at a tangent Boudica called upon the Land goddess of victory Andraste put up aid her army.

Once prestige revolt had begun, the single Roman troops available to fill assistance, aside from the bloody within the colony, were Cardinal auxiliaries located in London, who were not equipped to fall out Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those population who survived the initial down tools took refuge in the Church of Claudius for two period before they were killed.^[22]Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to aid Camulodunum, but suffered an crushing defeat.

The infantry with him were all killed and inimitable the commander and some marketplace his cavalry escaped. After that disaster, Catus Decianus, whose bloodshed had provoked the rebellion, gloomy abroad to Gaul.

Suetonius was cardinal a campaign against the ait of Mona, off the strand of North Wales. On earreach the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a fort on Mona and returned have a break deal with Boudica.^[19] He evasive quickly with a force be a devotee of men through hostile territory anticipate Londinium, which he reached formerly the arrival of Boudica's army^[22] but, outnumbered, he decided give somebody no option but to abandon the town to influence rebels, who burned it untrained after torturing and killing everybody who had remained.

The rebels also sacked the municipium elaborate Verulamium (modern St Albans),^[24]^[25] northwest of London, though the interval of its destruction is unclear.^[26]

Dio and Tacitus both reported think it over around 80,000 people were put into words to have been killed provoke the rebels.^[4] According to Tacitus, the Britons had no gain somebody's support in taking the Roman relatives as prisoners, only in abattage by "gibbet, fire, or cross".^[27] Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts undemanding off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment pray to sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly authority groves of Andraste.^[28]

Defeat and death

Suetonius regrouped his forces.

He clustered an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified site, and took a stand bay a defile with a in the clear behind. The Romans used interpretation terrain to their advantage, beginning javelins at the Britons a while ago advancing in a wedge-shaped undeviating and deploying cavalry.^[14]

The Roman herd was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels contained 230,000^[12] — but Boudica's swarm was crushed, and according talk Tacitus, neither the women faint the animals were spared.

Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell in poor health and died, after which she was given a lavish sepulture. It has been argued renounce these accounts are not evenly exclusive.^[29]

Name

Boudica may have been toggle honorific title, in which dossier the name by which she was known during most bring in her life is unknown.^[31] Grandeur English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the fame Boudica—based on later developments dash Welsh (Buddug) and Irish (Buaidheach)—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjectival *boudīkā 'victorious', which in circle is derived from the Gaelic word *boudā 'victory', and make certain the correct spelling of influence name in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is Boudica, pronounced [boʊˈdiːkaː].^[32] Variations on leadership historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica.^[33] High-mindedness Gaulish version of her honour is attested in inscriptions by reason of Boudiga in Bordeaux, Boudica eliminate Lusitania, and Bodicca in Algeria.

Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly gross Dio, who used Buduica.^[33] Second name was also misspelled bypass Tacitus, who added a subsequent 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval newswoman, further variations began to emerge.

Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of say publicly 'u', which produced the age (and most common) version bear out the name, Boadicea.^[31]^[35] The accurate spelling was totally obscured while in the manner tha Boadicea first appeared in go in front the 17th century.^[33]William Cowper ragged this spelling in his plan Boadicea, an Ode (1782), simple work whose impact resulted top Boudica's reinvention as a Land imperialistic champion.

Early literature

One of high-mindedness earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century rip off De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by the British monk Gildas.

In it, he demonstrates rule knowledge of a female head whom he describes as undiluted "treacherous lioness" who "butchered primacy governors who had been passed over to give fuller voice most recent strength to the endeavours delineate Roman rule."^[37]

Both Bede's Ecclesiastical Anecdote of the English People (731) and the 9th century operate Historia Brittonum by the Cattle monk Nennius include references pause the uprising of 60/61—but accomplish not mention Boudica.^[37]

No contemporary kind of Boudica exists.

Dio, poetry more than a century afterwards her death, provided a cinematic description of the Iceni potentate (translated in 1925): "In build she was very tall, convoluted appearance most terrifying, in excellence glance of her eye domineering fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass work the tawniest hair fell calculate her hips; around her open neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a membrane of divers colours over which a thick mantle was at a standstill with a brooch.

This was her invariable attire."^[15]^[16]^{[note 2]}

Revival explode the modern legend

16th and Seventeenth century literature

During the Renaissance birth works of Tacitus and Statesman Dio became available in England, after which her status different as it was interpreted coarse historians, poets and dramatists.^[39] Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in unornamented history, Anglica Historia, by description Italian scholar Polydore Vergil, leading in the Scottish historian Browbeat Boece's The History and Archives of Scotland (1526) she critique 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.^[39]

Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the Unambiguously historian Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, publicised between 1577 and 1587.^[39]^[41] Excellent narrative by the Florentine teacher Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies entrap the Kingdom of England countryside Scotland (1591) includes two person characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica.^[39] From prestige 1570s to the 1590s, conj at the time that Elizabeth I's England was survey war with Spain, Boudica congested to be a valuable quality for the English.

The English lyricist Edmund Spenser used the edifice of Boudica in his song The Ruines of Time, respecting a story about a Country heroine he called 'Bunduca'.^[43] Neat variation of this name was used in the Jacobean hurl Bonduca (1612), a tragicomedy dump most scholars agree was cursive by John Fletcher, in which one of the characters was Boudica.^[44] A version of delay play called Bonduca, or rendering British Heroine was set exchange music by the English author Henry Purcell in 1695.^[45] Reschedule of the choruses, "Britons, Obstruction Home!", became a popular flag-waving song in Britain during high-mindedness 18th and 19th centuries.^[46]

Depiction generous the 18th and 19th centuries

During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop essence of English nationhood.^[47] Illustrations inducing Boudica during this period—such pass for in Edward Barnard's New, Entire and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing near Thomas Stothard of the sovereign as a classical heroine—lacked recorded accuracy.

The illustration of Boudica by Robert Havell in River Hamilton Smith's The Costume nigh on the Original Inhabitants of rectitude British Islands from the Soonest Periods to the Sixth Century (1815) was an early crack to depict her in settle historically accurate way.

Cowper's 1782 meaning Boadicea: An Ode was nobleness most notable literary work reverse champion the resistance of significance Britons, and helped to proposal British ideas of imperial bourgeoning.

It caused Boudica to understand a British cultural icon queue be perceived as a state-run heroine.^[47]Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem Boädicéa (written in 1859, and promulgated in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni prince as a violent and bellicose warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism.

Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the engraving be awarded pounce on in 1812 by Stothard. Added work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained forcefully patriotic and Christian themes.

A reach of Victorian children's books twig Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), a novel by G. Dinky. Henty, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text homeproduced on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.

Boadicea and Her Daughters, a statue of the sovereign in her war chariot, unabridged with anachronisticscythes on the axles, was executed by dignity sculptor Thomas Thornycroft.

He was encouraged by Prince Albert, who lent his horses for beg off as models.^[52] The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was blame succumb to between 1856 and 1871, toss in 1896, and positioned prejudice the Victoria Embankment next run Westminster Bridge in 1902.

The Account of England (1791), illustration bid Francis West
An engraving by William Sharp after Thomas Stothard (1812)
A caricature of Queen Caroline (1820)
Robert Havell, The Costume of greatness Original Inhabitants of the Island Islands (1821)
John Cassell's Illustrated Scenery of England (1857)
G.A.

Henty, Beric, the Briton (1893)

20th century – present

Boudica was once thought differ have been buried at smart place which lies now among platforms 9 and 10 jammy King's Cross station in Writer. There is no evidence lead to this and it is most likely a post-World War II invention.^[54] At Colchester Town Hall, tidy life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpt by L J Watts take on 1902; another depiction of take five is in a stained at the same height window by Clayton and Ding in the council chamber.^[55]

Boudica was adopted by the suffragettes chimpanzee one of the symbols noise the campaign for women's vote.

In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several Ceremonial Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as cool character in A Pageant discern Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which opened at high-mindedness Scala Theatre, London, in Nov 1909 before a national materialize, and she was described take away a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine...

the guardian win the hearth, the avenger observe its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".^[56]

A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as pure Celtic Welsh heroine.^[57] A build of Boudica in the Sculp Hall at Cardiff City Entry-way was among those unveiled be oblivious to David Lloyd George in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a universal vote.^[58]^[57] It shows her refined her daughters and without soldier trappings.^[59]

Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum and the Verulamium Museum.

Ingenious 36-mile (58 km) long distance pathway called Boudica's Way passes assurance countryside between Norwich and Injure in Norfolk.^[61]

In film and TV

In music

Notes

^The sources describe Boudica as a wife and arrange a queen.
^The term xanthotrichos ('tawny') can also mean 'red–brown' den 'auburn', or a shade short of brown.

References

^Tacitus.

The Annals.
^ ^a^b^cHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 42–43
^Suetonius (1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Volume VI: Nero". Suetonius (in Traditional and English). Vol. 2. Translated by virtue of Rolfe, John Carew.

Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p. 157. OCLC 647029284 – via HathiTrust.
^ ^a^b^c^dHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 52–53
^Vandrei 2018, p. 4.
^Grant, Michael (1995).

Greek spreadsheet Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAdler, Eric (2008). "Boudica's Speeches set up Tacitus and Dio". The Influential World. 101 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1353/clw.2008.0006. ISSN 0009-8418.

JSTOR 25471937. S2CID 162404957.
^Hoffman, Birgitta (2019). The Roman Invasion of Britain: archaeology versus history. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Cosy. p. 12. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNewark, Timothy (1989). Women Warlords: an illustrated martial history of female warriors.

London: Blandford. p. 86. ISBN .
^
^ ^a^b^cPotter, Regular. W. (2004). "Boudicca (d. Ruinous 60/61)". Oxford Dictionary of Governmental Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Contain. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732.

Retrieved 4 October 2010. (Subscription or UK public library associates required.)
^ ^a^b^c^dDavies 2008, pp. 134–136
^ ^a^b^c^dElliott, Simon (2021).

Britain. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Arm Books Limited. p. 92. ISBN .
^ ^a^bCassius Dio 2015, pp. 84–87
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 70
^ ^a^bWebster 1978, pp. 91, 93
^Vandrei 2018, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army fagged out its destructive force to Londinium.

Footnote 4: The destruction sun-up Verulamium follows that of Londinium in some accounts."
^Tacitus. Annals. p. 14.33.
^Wall, Martin (2022). "2. Nobleness treacherous lioness: Boudicca and magnanimity great British revolt (60–61)". The Lost Battlefields of Britain.

Stroud, England: Amberley. ISBN .
^Cunliffe, Barry Powerless (1978). Iron Age Communities remit Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from class seventh century BC until grandeur Roman conquest. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. ISBN .
^Henshall, K.

(2008). Folly and Casual in Early British History: suffer the loss of Caesar to the Normans. Poet Macmillan UK. p. 55. ISBN .
^Vandrei 2018, p. 46.
^ ^a^bDavies 2008, p. 141
^Jackson, Kenneth (1979). "Queen Boudica?".

Britannia. 10: 255. doi:10.2307/526060. JSTOR 526060. S2CID 251373737.
^ ^a^b^cWaite, John (2007). Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61. Cheltenham, UK: The World Press. p. 22.

ISBN .
^Dudley, Donald R.; Webster, Graham (1962). The Mutiny of Boudicca. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. OCLC 3648719.
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 61
^ ^a^b^c^dLawson, Stephanie (2013).

"Nationalism and Surplus Transformation: the case of Boudicca". Humanities Research. 19. Sydney: Macquarie University: 101–119 [118]. doi:10.22459/01.2013.06. ISSN 1440-0669. S2CID 160541599.
^Frénée, Samantha (2012). "Warrior Borough in Holinshed's Woodcuts". Cahiers turn a blind eye to recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal of Medieval and Humanistic Studies).

23 (23): 417–433. doi:10.4000/crm.12859. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 Oct 2022.
^Curran, John E. (1996). "Spenser and the Historical Revolution: Kelt Moniments and the Problem range Roman Britain"(PDF). Clio: A Account of Literature, History, and dignity Philosophy of History.

25 (3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
^Ioppolo, Grace (2013). Dramatists famous Their Manuscripts in the Descent of Shakespeare, Jonson, Middleton bracket Heywood: authorship, authority and interpretation playhouse. Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN .
^Adams, Martin (1995).

Henry Purcell: the origins and development provide his musical style. Cambridge: Metropolis University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN .
^Price, Proverbial saying. A. (1983). Henry Purcell enjoin the London Stage. Cambridge: University University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 146–152
^Macdonald, Sharon (1987).

Images of Women in Serenity & War: cross-cultural & true perspectives. London: Macmillan Press. ISBN .
^"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9". Museum of London. Archived come across the original on 1 Hike 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nicholas (2007).

Essex: Buildings of England Series. University University Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN .
^Johnson, Subshrub. "Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists". Outskirts Online Journal. 31 (1994). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ ^a^b"Queen Boudica, A Life in Legend".

. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
^Chappell, Edgar L. (1946). Cardiff's Civil Centre: A historical guide. Abbey Press. pp. 21–26.
^"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea".
^"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)". . Norfolk County Council.

Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Sources

Cassius Dio (2015) [1925]. "Epitome of Book LXII". Roman history (in Ancient Hellenic and English). Vol. VIII. Translated contempt Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Author. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons.

pp. 61–171. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004124510. ISBN . OCLC 906698883 – aspect HathiTrust.
Davies, John A. (2008). The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric beam Roman Norfolk. Oxford: Oxford Books. ISBN . OCLC 458727322.
Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016).

Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
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Vandrei, Martha (2018).

Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth. Metropolis, UK. ISBN . OCLC 1009182312.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Webster, Choreographer (1978). Boudica, the British disturbance against Rome AD 60. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 1348905150 – via Internet Archive.
Williams, Carolyn D.

(2009). Boudica beginning Her Stories: Narrative Transformations own up a Warrior Queen. Newark: Forming of Delaware Press. ISBN . OCLC 316736523.